En este artículo realizo una lectura de la propuesta historiográfica de José Luis Romero y de la “Historia social de la literatura” de Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot, mostrando cómo la primera influye en la segunda, y relacionándolas con el problema de la identidad de América Latina. Se parte de un diagnóstico de la historiografía colombiana del siglo XX y se evidencia la manera como estas dos miradas historiográficas lograron superar las deficiencias de la misma, fundando en nuestro continente una utopía (...) política que aboga por una conciencia de América. (shrink)

Este artículo discute y analiza la formación del carácter crítico e intelectual en Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot. A partir de fuentes diversas y, en parte, inexploradas, se reconstruye el proceso de formación y ejercicio de su actividad crítica entre 1950 y 1965. Se tienen en cuenta tanto las relaciones con otros intelectuales como la influencia de los diversos contextos en los cuales se dieron dichas relaciones. Así, su participación en Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, su correspondencia con Alfonso Reyes y con Nils Hedberg, (...) su actividad diplomática, su trabajo editorial y de traducción y, finalmente, su práctica docente, se estudian con objeto de tener un marco comprensivo. La obra crítica de Gutiérrez Girardot dista de estar comprendida y, de hecho, se precisa todavía de un exhaustivo trabajo de reconstrucción y análisis. This paper discusses and analyses the critical and intellectual nature of the work of Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot. It reproduces the process of construction and exercise of his critical activity (1950-1965), based on different sources some of them not yet very studied. The paper takes into account his relationships with other intellectuals and the influence of its different contexts. Thus, in order to get a comprehensive framework, it studies his participation in Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos, his correspondence with Alfonso Reyes and Nils Hedberg, his diplomatic activity, his work as editor and translator and finally his teaching experience. The critical work of Gutiérrez Girardot is far from being completely interpreted and this makes necessary an exhaustive work of reconstruction and analysis. (shrink)

El presente texto parte de algunas afirmaciones críticas hechas por Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot en torno al problema de la posmodernidad y, desde estas, intenta reconstruir esa crítica. En el ensayo se analiza la relación entre la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Mayo de 1968 y la llamada filosofía posmoderna. Asimismo, se expone con detalle la crítica de Gutiérrez Girardot a Michel Foucault y a algunos postulados de la posmodernidad como la crítica del intelectual y el olvido de la historia. El ensayo (...) realiza un balance de esa crítica y, a la vez, plantea algunas perspectivas de análisis para el mundo actual. (shrink)

Se analiza desde un punto de vista filosófico-político y pragmático-discursivo las características ideológicas del discurso de Rafael Correa durante las elecciones presidenciales de 2006. Correa acometió una interpretación laclausiana del tiempo histórico, traduciendo que la crisis de representación del país podía originar un estallido o momento populista. En base a ello, el discurso populista que llevó a Correa al poder en 2007, se construyó sobre el uso de dos marcos argumentativos básicos: 1) ubicar a los partidos políticos tradicionales (“la (...) partidocracia”) como antagónicos a la patria y 2) proponer una reforma constitucional mediante una Asamblea Constituyente. Se concluye con una valoración crítica sobre los límites entre movilización popular y su institucionalismo. (shrink)

En este ensayo muestro las causas de la poca recepción del pensamiento filosófico de Xavier Zubiri en Colombia, entre ellas, el hecho de que su obra no fue publicada, lo que implicó la ausencia de discusión con su pensamiento. Al mismo tiempo, la corta influencia de Zubiri en los filósofos exiliados en 1939. Otras razones fueron el magisterio de Ortega y Gasset en América quien ocultó a Zubiri; la fobia por el pensamiento español que los filósofos universalistas crearon, y la (...) existencia de un culto acrítico en las universidades confesionales. Explico las razones históricas de esa escasa recepción y propongo superar esas dificultades para expandir el horizonte de nuestra filosofía. (shrink)

Partiendo de los atisbos de historia social de la literatura que teorizó elfilósofo colombiano Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot, el presente ensayo explora laposibilidad de postular un programa de investigación llamado historia socialde la filosofía que dé cuenta de los procesos de producción, circulación,distribución y consumo de la filosofía en América Latina. Esta propuestahistoriográfica se presenta como una rama de la sociología del saber, y nointenta sustituir la tarea de seguir filosofando sin más en la región, es decir,de continuar haciendo filosofía (...) con vocación de universalidad. (shrink)

Primera parte. Problemas teóricos en torno a la filosofia latinoamericana. A modo de introducción : la historia de las ideas en América Latina -- Breve trazo de un camino -- Crítica de la Crítica de la razón latinoamericana de Santiago Castro-Gómez -- Rafael Gutiérrez Girardot y José Luis Romero : historiografía e identidad latinamericana -- El colonialismo intelectual en América Latina y su crítica -- La historiografía como "carta de batalla" -- El rastacuerismo y nuestra cultura política -- La (...) secularización y la racionalización en hispanoamérica -- Filosofía y crisis -- Segunda parte. Filósofos y filosofías revisitados. El Ariel de José Enrique Rodó : su contexto, sus fuentes y sus críicas -- María Zambrano, José Gaos y la filosofía latinoamericana -- El problema de la recepción del pensamiento de Xavier Zubiri en Colombia -- Ernesto Sábato : crítica de la tecnolatría y religación de lo humano -- Guillermo Hoyos Vásquez...entre nosotros -- Pablo Guadarrama y la filosofía colombiana : un testimonio. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:Hispanic Philosophy in the Age of Discovery ed. by Kevin WhiteIván JaksicKevin White, editor. Hispanic Philosophy in the Age of Discovery. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1997. Pp. xv + 326. Cloth, $59.95.The quincentennial of what has been termed the “encounter” between Europeans and Indians in the New World in the late fifteenth century furnished the occasion for much denunciation of the evils inflicted by greedy (...) intruders on the indigenous population and their environment. Many a conference was convened to reflect on such [End Page 463] events from the perspective of what appeared to be a consensus on the ultimately negative effects of European discovery, conquest, and colonization. In this context, it is quite remarkable that a conference on Hispanic philosophy in the age of discovery should have been convened to examine the philosophical figures and treatises of the era. As it turns out, this volume represents probably one of the most enduring outcomes of the myriad activities of 1992. This is a volume that ranges widely into the philosophical world of the period, brings to light the richness and significance of philosophers and their work, and provides a coherent and consistently well-researched set of essays.The volume consists of fifteen essays divided into five parts. Part I consists of one essay by Jorge J. E. Gracia which offers a wide panorama of Hispanic philosophy from 1500 to 1650, as well as a lucid interpretation of the historical reasons why Hispanic philosophy seems to have reached a dead end in the context of modern European philosophy, and suffered the neglect of intervening centuries. Part II consists of one essay by Mauricio Beuchot on discussions concerning the conquest of Mexico; two essays by John Doyle and Marcelo Sánchez-Sorondo on the work of Francisco de Vitoria; and two essays on the celebrated dispute between Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda and Bartolomé de las Casas in 1550–51, the first by Eduardo Andújar and the second by Rafael Alvira and Alfredo Cruz. Part III includes essays by William Wallace on Domingo de Soto and Galileo’s science; Juan Antonio Widow on the economic thought of the Spanish Scholastics; Jean de Groot on the mysticism of Teresa de Avila; Yves Floucat on St. John of the Cross, and Mirko Skarica on the problem of future contingents. Part IV includes three essays by Norman Wells, Stephen Menn, and Carlos G. Noreña on the works of Francisco Suárez, probably the best-known Spanish thinker of the period. The volume closes with Part V, which has a long essay by John Deely on John Poinsot’s doctrine of signs.A volume of this scope and nature is bound to contain some overlap and repetition, as is the case with the pieces concerning the Las Casas-Sepúlveda debate. And yet these essays read well because the authors seriously undermine the conventional treatment of Sepúlveda as the hawkish defender of Indian slavery, and place him in the context of a larger Renaissance view of non-European peoples. Las Casas, in the view of the authors, had a great deal more in common with his opponent than the historiography has thus far suggested. In other sections of the volume, the variety of approaches and subjects on the part of the contributors challenges the reader to constantly shift grounds. Part III, for instance, takes us from the disquisitions on the velocity of falling bodies to the moral aspects of economic thought, and to the meaning of mystical theology. Fortunately, the competence of the researchers makes all individual pieces worthwhile even if this particular reviewer would have been somewhat more stringent with the space allotted to make a point.Contributors to this book leave no doubt as to the importance of their subjects, and yet they resist the temptation of exaggerating the extent of the influence of many of the Spanish authors on other European thinkers. Indeed, the essay by Norman Wells shows that while one must consider the linkages between Suárez and Descartes, there is [End Page 464] no reason to believe that the latter made Suárez’s position on the moderni... (shrink)

Many issues in ethics arise in relation to the contexts in which psychologists work. However, most ethical decision-making models reproduce the way in which psychologists tend to approach ethics by focusing on ethical dilemmas and proposing a step-by-step response to deal with them. Although these models might be useful, their emphasis on reactive approaches and their lack of contextualization constitute significant limitations on their applicability. In this article, an approach to ethical decision making that highlights the importance of the context (...) in developing proactive strategies to solve ethical issues is proposed. This approach is further explained through its application to medical and rural settings. The implications of these suggestions to the training in ethics are finally discussed. (shrink)

Corporations perform actions that can inflict harm with different levels of intensity, from death to material loss, to both companies’ internal and external stakeholders. Research has analysed corporate harm using the notions of corporate social irresponsibility and corporate crime. Critical management studies have been subjecting management and organizational practices and knowledge to critical analysis, and corporate harm has been one of the main concerns of CMS. However, CMS has rarely been deployed to analyse CSIR and corporate crime. Thus, the aim (...) of this paper is to critically analyse the perspectives of CSIR and corporate crimes on corporate harm via CMS in general and postcolonial studies in particular. The paper contributes by arguing that research on CSIR and corporate crime could be perceived as producing research that does not challenge the essence of contemporary corporation profit-seeking activities that ultimately produces corporate harm. We argue that CSIR and corporate crime are ideologies that assist in disguising the contradiction between producing shareholder value and the social good that is at the heart of the modern corporation system and the current economic system. Furthermore, the postcolonial view of CSIR and corporate crime highlights how they are based on a Western-centric view of corporate harm that ignores the realities and perspectives of the Global South, especially in situations where corporate harm leads to death in the Global South. (shrink)

The paper presents a critical appraisal of Floridi’s metaphysical foundation of information ecology. It highlights some of the issues raised by Floridi with regard to the axiological status of the objects in the “infosphere,” the moral status of artificial agents, and Floridi’s foundation of information ethics as information ecology. I further criticise the ontological conception of value as a first order category. I suggest that a weakening of Floridi’s demiurgic information ecology is needed in order not to forget the limitations (...) of human actors and/or of their surrogates, digital agents. I plea for a rational theoretical and practical view of such agents beyond utopian reasoning with regard to their potential moral status. (shrink)

– This paper aims to examine the present status of the research field intercultural information ethics including the foundational debate as well as specific issues., – A critical overview of the recent literature of the field is given., – The present IIE debate focuses on a narrow view of the field leaving aside comparative studies with non‐digital media as well as with other epochs and cultures. There is an emphasis on the question of privacy but other issues such as online (...) communities, governmentality, gender issues, mobile phones, health care and the digital divide are on the agenda., – The paper addresses basic issues of IIE that may open new vistas for research and practice in this field. (shrink)

The first aim is to provide well-articulated concepts by thinking through elementary phenomena of today s world, focusing on privacy and the digital, to clarify who we are in the cyberworld hence a phenomenology of digital whoness. The second aim is to engage critically, hermeneutically with older and current literature on privacy, including in today s emerging cyberworld. Phenomenological results include concepts of i) self-identity through interplay with the world, ii) personal privacy in contradistinction to the privacy of private property, (...) iii) the cyberworld as an artificial, digital dimension in order to discuss iv) what freedom in the cyberworld can mean, whilst not neglecting v) intercultural aspects and vi) the EU context.". (shrink)

Este artículo busca pensar los orígenes de la Técnica moderna en la vida y obra del científico pisano Galileo Galilei a la luz de dos ideas fundamentales, por una parte, lo acontecido en la propia época de Galileo y, por otra parte, en la categoría fundamental de «experimentación» como «probación física de la realidad» que aparece en la obra Inteligencia y razón de Xavier Zubiri. Desde esta categoría de análisis podremos ver la riqueza de la inicial investigación científico-técnica de Galileo (...) y cómo ésta ha sido decisiva en el desarrollo ulterior de la investigación humana a lo largo de la Historia. (shrink)

In this paper, we shall consider the question of whether, in a context such as that of Spain that is, a context where a particular religion has been historically dominant, and within the boundaries of political liberalism, it is possible to find a reasonable argument in favour of what is termed positive laicism . In order to do so, we must first brie fly clarify what this type of laicism consists of. Below we shall explore some of the arguments which (...) could be used to defend it. We shall attempt to demonstrate that the majority of these arguments are lacking in some relevant aspect. The only defence of positive laicism that seems reasonable is one based on reasons of a politico-cultural nature which, in the context mentioned, mean that said positive laicism must be asymmetric. (shrink)

In this paper I examine some logical features of Marxist/Christian compatibilist projects. I use Arthur McGovern’s Marxism: An American Christian Perspective as my chief stalking horse. As an heuristic device, I distinguish the views in Marx’s early writings (Marxist humanism--M-I)from the more mature theory of historical materialism (M-2), where the latter is construed primarily as a social scientific method for the explanation of historical change. I also distinguish C-1, the moral teachings of Jesus, from C-2, Christian theology. I argue that (...) the logic of Christian compatibilism requires the acceptance of C-1, C-2, and M-2, while it must reject or downplay M-l, Marxist humanism. Similarly, the logic of a Marxist compatibilism requires the acceptance of M-1, M-2, end C-1, while it must reject C-2, Christian theology. I conclude that, while Christian and Marxist compatibilists can work together in seeking to overcome capitalism and imperialism, it is more difficult to see how thedisagreements over Marxist humanism vs. Christian theology could ever be transcended. (shrink)

J. S. Mill and the Art of Compromise The word compromise means a kind of agreement and a concession to something harmful or wrong. I argue that particularly this second sense is quite relevant in the ethics of political action. John Stuart Mill focused upon this issue in his Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform 1859. I outline Mill's doctrine on compromise looking at the external and internal features of an acceptable measure of compromise. These features provide a set of conditions necessary (...) in order for compromise to take place, but they do not guarantee sufficient conditions. In order to assess Mill's political coherence and to draw a general distinction between strategic and ethical compromises the paper concludes by considering two compromise measures that Mill adopted while he was a Member of Parliament. (shrink)

Visual attention evolved as an adaptive mechanism allowing us to cope with a rapidly changing environment. It enables the facilitated processing of relevant information, often automatically and governed by implicit motives. However, despite recent advances in understanding the relationship between consciousness and visual attention, the functional scope of unconscious attentional control is still under debate. Here, we present a novel masking paradigm in which volunteers were to distinguish between varying orientations of a briefly presented, masked grating stimulus. Combining signal detection (...) theory and subjective measures of awareness, we show that performance on unaware trials was consistent with visual selection being weighted towards repeated orientations of Gabor patches and reallocated in response to a novel unconsciously processed orientation. This was particularly present in trials in which the prior feature was strongly weighted and only if the novel feature was invisible. Thus, our results provide evidence that invisible orientation stimuli can trigger the reallocation of history-guided visual selection weights. (shrink)

Despite the abundant production of catecismos in 16th century Spain, few of them were addressed directly to the new converted population, and fewer still were translated into or written in Arabic. Given the dimension of the Morisco question within Catholicism at the time, this scarcity is striking. Archbishop of Valencia and attending member of the Council of Trent, Martín Pérez de Ayala, commissioned one of these rare texts, the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Arauiga y Castellana, written in Valencian Arabic. The (...) text encloses a brief catechism containing mainly prayers but also a set of instructions about both Arabic phonetics and doctrinal matters. The present article intends to study the language ideology present in the translation of Christian doctrine into Arabic. In order to do so, it asks questions such as whether the emphasis on spoken Arabic is a conscious distance from a Koranic Arabic language, and how religious space is shaped through language. (shrink)

When examining the current form that modern society has acquired, it is hard to overlook the emergence of a systemic dimension that has become far removed from its social-symbolic roots. This systemic dimension is the result of a process of functional differentiation and simultaneous growth that has led to the gradual formation of social systems that, alongside their coordinating effect, give rise to multiple conflicts or crises. But how are the crises of modern societies to be understood in light of (...) this logic of functional differentiation and internal growth? The purpose of this article is to postulate one particular form of crisis, which will be understood as the result of a consubstantial tendency towards systemic growth. The trend takes the form of a concentration of the performances of social systems that recreates modern schemes of stratification, homogenizes the diversity of options and selections of these systems and, by becoming caught up in thoughtless patterns of growth, produces critical scenarios. (shrink)

States of sensory absorption may offer a means to disentangle perception from report. Interestingly, such states lead to an antagonistic relationship between perceptual and cognitive-access networks, suggesting that perceptual awareness does not depend on a read-out by high order cognitive-access mechanisms. Rather, it may emerge internally, through a cooperative coding dynamics, whereby each neuron simultaneously represents and reads-out the perceptual awareness state.

Este artigo apresenta de forma resumida a complexa historia da noção de informação na tradução greco-romana, medieval e moderna. A partir da etimologia latina dessa noção e de suas raízes nos conceitos gregos de eidos / ideia e morphé se mostra como a noção de informação no seu conceito ontológico (‘dar forma a algo’) perde sua relevância na modernidade, mantendo-se o sentido de ‘dizer algo a alguém’. As teorias da informação no século XX apoiadas na concepção de sistemas técnicos de (...) transmissão de mensagens dão lugar a um renascimento da noção objetiva de informação, mas em um marco diferente a da filosofia clássica pré-moderna. Partindo da relação entre os conceitos de informação e de mensagem se apresentam possíveis caminhos para a noção de informação fundamentada em uma teoria de mensagens. (shrink)

Neste artigo, pretende-se explicitar o conceito heideggeriano de inautenticidade tal como desenvolvido em Ser e tempo de Martin Heidegger. Ao trazer à tona o sentido de poder-ser inautêntico, em contraste com poder-ser todo em sentido autêntico do Dasein, nota-se inicialmente que não se trata de uma relação de hierarquia em termos de superior e inferior, no sentido de que um indica uma existência melhor e o outro não, isto é, não implica em uma valoração moral, axiológica ou mesmo ontológica. Antes, (...) estes conceitos se referem a determinados modos de existir, que dizem respeito a possibilidades de ser-no-mundo, nas quais o Dasein sempre tem compreensão. Ao cabo, destaca-se que o Dasein nunca está irrecuperavelmente perdido na inautenticidade, pois, em última instância, o ser-no-mundo – mesmo inautêntico – é, em essência, cuidado.Palavras-chave: Inautenticidade. Dasein. Decadência. Compreensão. Cuidado. (shrink)

The article presents a vision of the challenges to which contemporary legal positivism has to respond. The constitutionalisation that governs current legal systems offers a new framework in which to develop the classic controversy between positivism and iusnaturalism. This article analyses the different positivist proposals put before the reality of the constitutional state as well as its replies to the criticisms of those who consider it anoutdated theory of little use. Finally, it will also deal with the relationship between positivism (...) and legal realism. This relationship is increasingly close due to the uncertainty that characterizes no few legislative and constitutional clauses. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es profundizar en el pensamiento de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel y estudiar una de las ideas centrales de su filosofía: el concepto especulativo. El concepto y la adecuación consigo mismo, es decir, la Idea, son las dos nociones capitales de la metafísica hegeliana y la base de todo el sistema. El artículo rastrea los antecedentes histórico-filosóficos del concepto hegeliano en la unidad originaria de la apercepción de Kant y el Yo absoluto de Fichte. Se adentra, (...) posteriormente, en el texto de la _Ciencia de la lógica _y de la _Enciclopedia _para estudiar y ofrecer una interpretación de la noción de concepto especulativo expuesta en ambas obras. El artículo se cierra con unas reflexiones en torno a la relación entre concepto y libertad en Hegel: el concepto, en efecto, es la libertad, y la libertad es _el _concepto. Aquí se encuentra el núcleo de la unidad entre filosofía teórica y práctica. (shrink)

Read Rati Mekvabishvili's 'On the Importance of Altruism, Prosocial Behavior and Christian Love in Behavioral Economics research' here...

The article focuses first of all on the peculiar kind of anthropology implicit in the thought of Millán-Puelles. In the second part it underlines the relevance of the distinction between nature and freedom in the political anthropology of the author, as well as the outstandig importance of the idea of liberty with its several significant nuances of meaning.

Accord ing to the neoplatonist tradition, the article emphasizes the outstanding relevance of the concept of limit or mesure, specially in relation to the practical realm. Diverging from the apparences, reachingt he limits of one's own possibiliti es doesn't me an for the human being to get locked in itself, but to become great. The greatness of the soul is born in th eadequate conscience of one's own lim its and it is the most relevant virtue.

AUTORIDADE DOUTRINAL DE SANTO TOMÁS: DE 1878 A 1914 – SANTIAGO RAMÍREZ, O.P.

En 1976 —siendo yo un jovencísimo inmigrante, prácticamente recién llegado de mi país—, en el populoso downtown de Los Ángeles, me encontré con un disco de larga duración del cantautor catalán Joan Manuel Serrat. El disco en mención musicalizaba varios poemas del malogrado poeta Miguel Hernández y un poema de Miguel de Unamuno. De regreso a mi apartamento de soltero, puse el disco y de inmediato quedé impactado por la belleza de las interpretaciones. Recuerdo que una de ellas, "Nanas de (...) la cebolla", me conmovió de tal manera que la repetí varias veces. (shrink)